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2025-05-26 · 2505.20393v1

NEXUS: A Spectroscopic Census of Broad-line AGNs and Little Red Dots at $3\lesssim z\lesssim 6$

Ming-Yang Zhuang, Junyao Li, Yue Shen, et al.

Using NIRCam/WFSS F322W2+F444W in the central 100 arcmin² of NEXUS, the team secures a spectroscopic census of 23 BLAGNs at 3≲z≲6, 15 of which satisfy Little Red Dot criteria. The sample spans L(Hα)≈10^{42.2}–10^{43.7} erg s⁻¹, M_BH≈10^{6.3}–10^{8.4} M_⊙, and λ_Edd≈0.1–1 (median 0.4); about half of the LRDs show strong Balmer absorption indicating dense gas near the emission region. Most LRDs reveal extended (hundreds of parsec) rest-UV/optical host emission that significantly or dominantly contributes to the UV, explaining the characteristic UV upturn, and the LRD number density is ≈10⁻⁵ cMpc⁻³ with a mild decline toward lower z. Small-scale (≲1 cMpc) cross-correlations give a BLAGN bias of ~3.3 and halo masses of a few×10¹¹ h⁻¹ M_⊙, while LRD clustering appears overly strong for their space density, hinting at excess small-scale clustering; the single-epoch M_BH and λ_Edd carry large systematics.

2025-05-14 · 2505.09703v1

SCUBADive II: Searching for $z>4$ Dust-Obscured Galaxies via F150W-Dropouts in COSMOS-Web

Sinclaire M. Manning, Jed McKinney, Katherine E. Whitaker, et al.

SCUBADive II systematically compiles 60 F150W-dropout, far-IR–bright galaxies in COSMOS-Web by cross-matching JWST non-detections at 1.5 μm with SCUBA-2 and ALMA counterparts, motivated by the benchmark AzTECC71. A core subset of 16 AzTECC71-like sources shows faint F444W (>24 mag) and no COSMOS2020 IDs. SED fits give ⟨SFR⟩=550+500−360 M⊙ yr⁻1 and ⟨log10(M⋆)⟩=11.2+0.5−0.4, with offsets indicating they are not unusually elevated above the star-forming main sequence. Crucially, such heavily obscured systems constitute roughly 20% across mass bins and could account for up to 60% of the z>4 high-mass end (log10 M⋆>11), quantifying a major, previously missed component of the early galaxy census.

2025-05-13 · 2505.08870v1

Galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization Are All Bark and No Bite -- Plenty of Ionizing Photons, Low Escape Fractions

Casey Papovich, Justin W. Cole, Weida Hu, et al.

Using JWST imaging plus NIRSpec/prism spectra for hundreds of galaxies at 4.5<z<9 from JADES and CEERS, the authors fit joint stellar+nebular SEDs with f_esc as a free parameter to infer both ξ_ion and the ionizing escape fraction. They find ξ_ion rises toward higher redshift and fainter UV luminosity with ~0.3 dex scatter, while the population-averaged escape fractions remain low: ⟨f_esc⟩ ≈ 2.6±1.4% at 6<z<9 and 6.5±2.2% at 4.5<z<6, with little evolution. Propagating these distributions through reionization models yields x_e≈0.5 at z≈5.3–5.8 for M_UV<−16 (possibly late vs. QSO constraints), but consistent timing (x_e≈0.5 at z≈6.0–8.1) once galaxies down to M_UV<−14 are included. Bottom line: EoR galaxies make plenty of ionizing photons, yet low f_esc—likely tied to dense gas and bursty SFHs—keeps most of them trapped.

2025-05-09 · 2505.06359v1

JWST/NIRSpec Observations of High Ionization Emission Lines in Galaxies at High Redshift

Mengtao Tang, Daniel P. Stark, Adèle Plat, et al.

Deep NIRSpec R=2700 spectroscopy of 53 new z>4 galaxies, plus a census of 851 archival spectra, is used to track high-ionization UV lines. The team reports narrow NV λ1240 in two systems—CEERS‑7902 (z=6.98; an LRD with broad Hβ) and CEERS‑1025 (z=8.72; narrow-line)—while CIV and He II are absent, yielding extreme NV/CIV and NV/He II. The inferred incidence of narrow high-ionization UV lines is 12.5(+23.7/−10.4)% in LRDs and 2.2(+1.7/−1.0)% in UV-selected galaxies at z>4, implying hard radiation fields in a small subset and that dense H I may not fully cover some LRD nuclei. The line ratios and non-detections argue for extending searches down to the NV doublet, though statistics remain limited by the number of deep rest-UV spectra.

2025-05-05 · 2505.02895v1

Abundant Population of Broad H$α$ Emitters in the GOODS-N Field Revealed by CONGRESS, FRESCO, and JADES

Junyu Zhang, Eiichi Egami, Fengwu Sun, et al.

Using JWST/NIRCam WFSS from FRESCO and CONGRESS plus JADES imaging, the authors conduct a GOODS‑N search for broad Hα at z≈3.7–6.5 and confirm 19 emitters at z≈4–5.5, including nine new ones. Their broad Hα LF aligns with other JWST BLAGN results, and virial BH masses with bolometric corrections imply ≈0.1 Eddington accretion and elevated MBH/M* relative to local relations. Color comparisons show LRD cuts miss 42% of these spectroscopic AGN—many lack the steep rest‑optical red slope—and average SEDs indicate some LRD red slopes are line‑boosted. Notably, 68% of color‑selected LRDs with Hα detections lack broad lines in the grism data, potentially due to sensitivity limits, underscoring the LRD population’s mixed nature.

2025-04-28 · 2504.20299v1

The Cosmic Evolution of CIV Absorbers at $1.4<z<4.5$: Insights from $100,000$ Systems in DESI Quasars

Abhijeet Anand, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen, et al.

From 300,637 DESI quasar spectra, the team assembles the largest C IV absorber catalog to date—101,487 systems across 1.4<z<4.5—via an automated matched‑kernel finder with adaptive S/N thresholds. After Monte Carlo completeness corrections (50% complete at EW_CIV ≥ 0.4 Å), the EW frequency distribution declines exponentially with weak redshift evolution, while the incidence per comoving path rises by a factor of 2–5 toward z≈1.4, most strongly for the strongest systems. Apparent‑optical‑depth column densities yield Ω_CIV increasing by ~3.8×, from (0.82±0.05)×10^-8 at z≈4.5 to (3.16±0.2)×10^-8 at z≈1.4. Interpreting Ω_CIV as enrichment, they infer a lower limit log(Z_IGM/Z⊙) ≳ −3.25 at z≈2.3, tracking cosmic SFR and He II photoheating and providing a foundation to link CGM metals to galaxy growth near cosmic noon.

2025-04-15 · 2504.11566v1

Tracking the assembly of supermassive black holes: a comparison of diverse models across cosmic time

Antonio J. Porras-Valverde, Angelo Ricarte, Priyamvada Natarajan, et al.

The authors cross-compare SMBH assembly across semi-analytic, empirical, and hydro frameworks (Dark Sage, Santa Cruz SAM, RN18, TRINITY, TNG300) over MBH ≈ 10^6–10^10 Msun. Physics-based models diverge from observationally inferred local BHMFs due to stellar-mass-function and scaling-relation systematics, but converge at z ~ 1–4 and broadly match JWST broad-line AGN BHMFs at z = 4–5. Dark Sage uniquely produces a strong knee in the bolometric AGN luminosity function near Lbol ~ 10^46 erg s^-1 that overlaps the inferred luminosities of JWST “Little Red Dots” at z = 5–6 if the emission is AGN-dominated. Within Dark Sage, SMBHs grow mainly via secular disk instabilities and merger-driven cold gas accretion, while BH–BH mergers contribute ~60% of the mass only for the most massive systems by z = 0; super-Eddington accretion is allowed.

2025-04-14 · 2504.10731v1

Unveiling faint X-ray AGN populations in the NewAthena era: Insights from cosmological simulations

Nuno Covas, Israel Matute, Stergios Amarantidis, et al.

From a TNG300-based 10 deg^2 SMBH light cone with post-processed X-ray properties, the authors run end-to-end NewAthena/WFI simulations via SIXTE to stress-test faint and high‑z AGN performance. The mock predicts a 5× excess of faint AGN versus current X‑ray constraints, plausibly reconciled by a higher Compton‑thick fraction and intrinsic X‑ray weakness hinted by recent JWST work. The simulated survey yields ~250,000 AGN (≈20,000 at z>3) and ~35 at z>6, with only log L_X ≳ 43.5 detectable in the EoR and a significant CTK component out to z>4. These results argue NewAthena can directly probe early SMBH growth while informing instrument trades and survey tiling.

2025-04-14 · 2504.10596v1

An obscured quasar census with the 4MOST IR AGN survey: design, predicted properties, and scientific goals

Carolina Andonie, David M. Alexander, Claire Greenwell, et al.

Introduces the 4MOST IR AGN survey, a ~10,000 deg^2, rAB≤22.8 program targeting ≈212k mid-IR–selected obscured AGN via unWISE colors plus an r−W2≥5.9 mag cut. Using X-ray spectral constraints and UV–far-IR SEDs in four deep fields, they forecast 80–87% AGN purity with ≈70% obscured (NH>10^22 cm−2) and that ≈80% of targets will evade even the deepest eROSITA exposures. About 55% will be quasar-luminous (LAGN,IR>10^45 erg s−1) at z≈0.5–3.5 in massive (10^10–10^12 M⊙) hosts, with ≈33% in starbursts. This 100× expansion over prior spectroscopic obscured-IR samples will deliver a uniform census of heavily absorbed, X-ray–faint quasars complementing the 4MOST X-ray AGN survey.

2025-04-10 · 2504.08039v1

Bridging Quasars and Little Red Dots: Insights into Broad-Line AGNs at $z=5-8$ from the First JWST COSMOS-3D Dataset

Xiaojing Lin, Xiaohui Fan, Feige Wang, et al.

From the first 10% (≈127 arcmin²) of COSMOS-3D NIRCam grism WFSS, the team identifies 13 broad-line AGNs at z=5–8 via Hα/Hβ, including a z=7.646 Hβ source at F444W=23.6, among the brightest z>7.5 BL AGN. Most (10/13) show reddened optical continua with β_opt>0, while three have quasar-like SEDs that are less blue than unobscured QSOs; two objects have 7.7–18 μm MIRI points constraining rest-NIR, and no significant F115W UV variability is seen over Δt_rest≈60 days. The Hα luminosity functions at z≈5–6 hint at evolution relative to z≈4–5. An Hβ LF at z∼8 implies number densities ~100× above UV-selected quasar LFs, pointing to a populous bridge between UV-bright quasars and LRD-like BL AGN.

2025-04-10 · 2504.08032v1

Counting Little Red Dots at $z<4$ with Ground-based Surveys and Spectroscopic Follow-up

Yilun Ma, Jenny E. Greene, David J. Setton, et al.

Using ~3.1 deg^2 of ultra-deep HSC plus (near-)IR imaging, the authors assemble a ground-based sample of Little Red Dots at 2≲z≲4 and measure their abundance for M5500<-22.5. They find a sharp decline in number density from ~10^-4.5 cMpc^-3 at z>4 to ~10^-5.3 at 2.7<z<3.7 and ~10^-5.7 at 1.7<z<2.7, extending LRD demographics below z~4. A Magellan/FIRE spectrum of DEEP23-z2LRD1 (z_spec=2.26) shows broad Hα (FWHM≈2400 km s^-1) plus nearly symmetric narrow Hα absorption and extremely narrow [OIII] (FWHM≈140 km s^-1), consistent with an accreting BH in a low-mass host. Because ground-based resolution limits can admit contaminants, the paper stresses that spectroscopy is required to firm up the z<4 LRD number densities.

2025-04-09 · 2504.07196v1

Joint Survey Processing. III. Compact Oddballs in the COSMOS Field -- Little Red Dots and Transients

Yu-Heng Lin, Andreas L. Faisst, Ranga-Ram Chary, et al.

HST/ACS G800L grism follow-up of seven compact, 8000 Å–dropout COSMOS point sources tests the faint z≈6 AGN candidate pool. Only one object (772319) is detected in multiple bands with a V-shaped, LRD-like SED and is ~3 mag brighter than typical JWST LRDs; no Lyα or other common lines appear in the grism. From the non-detections they place an upper limit on the AGN UV luminosity function of Φ=1.1×10^-7 Mpc^-3 mag^-1 at M_UV=−21. The remaining sources show F814W vs Subaru i+z flux mismatches not attributable to emission lines, implying long-lived transients with observed-frame decay timescales ≤6 years and highlighting transient contamination of faint-AGN searches.

2025-04-04 · 2504.03551v1

JADES: comprehensive census of broad-line AGN from Reionization to Cosmic Noon revealed by JWST

Ignas Juodžbalis, Roberto Maiolino, William M. Baker, et al.

Using JADES spectroscopy, the authors assemble a uniform census of 34 broad-line (Type 1) AGN spanning 1.5<z<9 with virial black-hole masses of 10^6–10^9 M⊙ and bolometric luminosities down to 10^43 erg s^-1, generally at sub-Eddington rates (<0.5 L_Edd). These AGN are typically in low-mass (M⋆≈10^8 M⊙) hosts whose black holes are overmassive relative to the local M_BH–M⋆ relation yet consistent with the local M_BH–σ⋆ relation, enabling a view of how these scalings emerge across cosmic time. The team shows that standard narrow-line diagnostics would miss many counterparts—especially at low metallicity or with attenuated/soft ionizing continua—complicating Type 2 selection. They also find strong cosmic-variance sensitivity in the UV luminosity function and rule out electron/Balmer scattering as the origin of broad Balmer components, arguing BH masses are not severely overestimated.

2025-04-04 · 2504.03422v1

XXL-HSC: Host properties of X-ray detected AGNs in XXL clusters

E. Drigga, E. Koulouridis, E. Pouliasis, et al.

Using 82 X-ray AGN within 4 r500 of 164 XXL clusters (z ≲ 1) and deep HSC imaging, the authors classify host morphologies (Statmorph + visual) and assess obscuration and SFR via X-ray hardness ratios, optical spectra, and SEDs. They find a moderately significant excess of cluster AGN hosted by merging/disturbed galaxies relative to non-active cluster members and field AGN, with the signal concentrated in the outskirts (≈1–2 r500). Clusters also show a higher share of X-ray-hard (likely obscured) AGN than the field, especially in the outskirts. Together, the results point to mergers/interactions in cluster outskirts as key drivers of both AGN triggering and obscuration.

2025-03-31 · 2504.00172v1

Evidence for evolutionary pathway-dependent black hole scaling relations

Jonathan H. Cohn, Emmanuel Durodola, Quinn O. Casey, et al.

This letter benchmarks secure dynamical black hole masses in a z~2 lensed quiescent galaxy and six local red‑nugget relics against recent 4<z<11 AGN, quasar, and Little Red Dot samples on the M_BH-M_star and M_BH-sigma_* planes. The relics and the z~2 quiescent system land on both the local bulge M_BH-M_star relation and the 4<z<7 Pacucci et al. relation, while luminous QSOs and broad-line AGN follow Pacucci et al. more closely and LRDs scatter across all three; on M_BH-sigma_* most sources sit above the local median except the lensed system. The authors argue the bulge relation was already in place at high z and that differing evolutionary pathways—compact-core assembly by z~2 followed by dry-merger stellar-mass growth versus ongoing BH and star formation in AGN—govern positions on scaling planes. Given large systematics in single‑epoch high‑z masses, they emphasize dynamical detections in relics and strongly lensed galaxies as a complementary, less biased probe of early scaling relations.

2025-03-31 · 2503.23710v1

Formation of the Little Red Dots from the Core-collapse of Self-interacting Dark Matter Halos

Fangzhou Jiang, Zixiang Jiang, Haonan Zheng, et al.

Using Monte Carlo merger trees, the authors model black hole seeding via gravothermal core-collapse in self-interacting dark matter halos and their subsequent growth at early times. Collapse occurs in rare, high-concentration halos at a characteristic mass scale set by the velocity-dependent cross section, naturally producing seeds early enough to explain compact, galaxy-poor little red dots. With simple growth assumptions and a 100% duty cycle, the model reproduces the observed LRD black hole mass function for σ0m ~ 30 cm^2 g^-1 and ω ~ 80 km s^-1, consistent with independent local constraints. If σ0m or ω are higher, the resulting overproduction at one end of the mass function can be mitigated by a reduced duty cycle or lower Eddington ratios, suggesting high‑z BH demographics as a probe of SIDM physics.

2025-03-25 · 2503.19915v1

A New Hope for Obscured AGN: The PRIMA-NewAthena Alliance

Luigi Barchiesi, F. J. Carrera, C. Vignali, et al.

Simulation-driven forecast of a full obscured-AGN census using the far-IR PRIMA plus X-ray NewAthena, built on X-ray background synthesis models and Deep/Wide survey layouts. PRIMA dominates for heavily obscured and Compton-thick accretors, yielding an expected 7500 CT-AGN detections per square degree, while NewAthena preferentially recovers the most luminous, unobscured, and moderately obscured sources. Together they out-perform past IR efforts—PRIMA alone delivers ~60× Herschel source counts over the same area—and enable a precise BHAD history to z≈8. The alliance is pitched as the cleanest route to reveal the true CT-AGN contribution to cosmic BH growth.

2025-03-24 · 2503.19078v1

MEGA Mass Assembly with JWST: The MIRI EGS Galaxy and AGN Survey

Bren E. Backhaus, Allison Kirkpatrick, Guang Yang, et al.

MEGA is a 67 hr, four-band MIRI imaging program in the EGS (25 pointings; 70 arcmin^2) that adds F770W–F2100W coverage over 68.9% of CEERS NIRCam, targeting obscured galaxy and SMBH growth near Cosmic Noon. The team augments the JWST pipeline with warm‑pixel masking and iterative super–background subtraction, delivering mosaics with 5σ depths of ≈0.18, 0.41, 1.26, and 4.10 µJy in F770W, F1000W, F1500W, and F2100W. They release a photometric catalog and new galaxy number counts in all four bands, extending the faint mid‑IR regime over wider area than prior JWST fields. This fills the mid‑IR gap in EGS, enabling PAH‑based SFRs and dusty AGN selection to sharpen constraints on coupled galaxy–black hole growth.

2025-03-19 · 2503.15323v1

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). Extending the quest for little red dots to z<4

Euclid Collaboration, L. Bisigello, G. Rodighiero, et al.

Using 63 deg² from Euclid’s Quick Data Release (Q1) plus IRAC and ground-based griz, the team fits two power laws to photometry to isolate little red dots with blue UV and red optical slopes while removing extended sources, strong line emitters, and artifacts. They assemble 3341 LRD candidates at z=0.33–3.6 (29 with IRAC), and derive a rest‑frame UV luminosity function that rises from high z down to z≈1.5–2.5 before declining toward lower redshift. Comparing to quasar UV LFs shows LRDs are not the dominant AGN population at z<4 for M_UV<-21. A noted caveat is that evolution inferred from the IRAC‑detected subsample is limited by small numbers and IRAC’s resolution, motivating follow‑up.

2025-03-19 · 2503.15317v1

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). First Euclid statistical study of galaxy mergers and their connection to active galactic nuclei

Euclid Collaboration, A. La Marca, L. Wang, et al.

Using Euclid Q1 Deep Fields, the team builds a stellar‑mass–complete (M*>10^9.8 Msun) sample at 0.5<z<2, identifies major mergers with CNNs trained on simulations, and selects AGN via X‑ray, optical spectroscopy, MIR colours, and I_E‑band PSF decompositions. Across all AGN selections, mergers host an AGN excess by factors of 2–6, and the AGN merger fraction rises with point‑source contribution f_PSF up to ~0.55 before declining. In luminosity terms, f_merg increases with L_PSF, exceeding 50% for L_PSF>2×10^43 erg/s at z<0.9 and becoming dominant only above ~10^45 erg/s at z>0.9; for X‑ray AGN, f_merg also increases with L_bol, with AGN mostly in mergers at L_bol>10^45 erg/s. This ties major mergers to the most powerful, dust‑obscured SMBH growth phases, with spectroscopic trends weaker due to small samples.

2025-03-14 · 2503.11611v1

A Census of the Most Obscured Galaxy Nuclei over Cosmic Time to be revealed by PRIMA

Fergus R. Donnan, Dimitra Rigopoulou, Ismael García-Bernete, et al.

Concept study for the 1.8 m far‑IR PRIMA mission shows how to census the most buried galaxy nuclei across cosmic time. PRIMAger (25–235 um) photometry captures rest‑frame 9.8 um silicate absorption from z=2–7, enabling color selections that recover local CONs and scale to high z. FIRESS low‑resolution (R~100) spectroscopy to z~7 would detect PAHs, ice bands, and warm‑gas diagnostics even when high‑ionization lines are quenched, yielding redshifts and column densities. Simulations plus local (U)LIRG templates (NGC 4418 vs NGC 7714) suggest large, confusion‑mitigated yields in 1500 h/deg^2 surveys, making PRIMA pivotal for the obscured phase of SMBH growth.

2025-03-13 · 2503.10958v1

Dot to dot: high-$z$ little red dots in $M_{\rm bh}$-$M_{\rm \star}$ diagrams with galaxy-morphology-specific scaling relations

Alister W. Graham, Igor V. Chilingarian, Dieu D. Nguyen, et al.

Places high‑z little red dots onto morphology‑aware Mbh–M★ diagrams alongside compact stellar systems and local galaxy sequences. With 2023–2024 masses, LRDs are not NSCs (NSCs have higher Mbh/M★); the least‑massive LRDs overlap UCD‑like Mbh and M★, and the full LRD set spans from UCDs to primaeval S0s, while spirals and merger‑built ETGs sit at higher M★. Low‑z AGN align with the quasi‑quadratic/steeper relations defined by local disc galaxies with direct black‑hole masses, emphasizing morphology in coevolution. As 2025 mass updates arrive, placements may shift, potentially bringing LRDs closer to NSCs/UCDs/green‑peas.

2025-03-07 · 2503.05537v1

Little Red Dots as the Very First Activity of Black Hole Growth

Kohei Inayoshi

Using 341 Little Red Dots (39 with spectroscopic redshifts) compiled from JWST surveys, this paper models their occurrence across cosmic time. The counts peak at z ~ 6–8 and fall steeply by z < 4, well described by a log‑normal distribution interpreted as the first one or two accretion episodes of newborn seed black holes. Dense circumnuclear gas naturally explains broad Balmer-line absorption, X‑ray weakness, and brief super‑Eddington bursts that yield overmassive BHs relative to local relations. Summing recurrent episodes reproduces the global AGN abundance evolution ∝ (1+z)^(−5/2) and provides an analytic form for the LRD redshift dependence for future tests.

2025-03-05 · 2503.03547v1

Exploring the physical properties of Type II Quasar candidates at intermediate redshifts with CIGALE

P. A. C. Cunha, A. Humphrey, J. Brinchmann, et al.

CIGALE SED fits are used to derive SFR, M*, AGN luminosity, and AGN fraction for 366 machine‑learned Type II quasar candidates in the redshift desert (median z≈1.1), then benchmarked against SPRITZ populations and literature samples. On the SFR–M* plane many candidates sit above the main sequence at their redshift, while a tail appears quenched, pointing to episodes of enhanced star formation alongside possible feedback or obscured SF. The inferred properties align with SPRITZ composite systems and AGN2, supporting their obscured‑AGN nature and validating machine‑learning selection beyond simple colour–colour cuts.

2025-03-05 · 2503.03431v1

Self-Consistent JWST Census of Star Formation and AGN activity at z=5.5-13.5

Jordan C. J. D'Silva, Simon P. Driver, Claudia D. P. Lagos, et al.

Combining ≈400 arcmin^2 of JWST imaging from PEARLS, CEERS, NGDEEP, JADES, and PRIMER, this work jointly fits galaxy and AGN components with EAZY+ProSpect for ≈3.9k galaxies at z=5.5–13.5 to build SMF, SFRF, and AGNLF in four bins. Integrating these functions shows a ~1 dex rise in the CSFH from z≈13.5→5.5, while the CAGNH also increases and tentatively does so more rapidly, implying early SMBH accretion can outpace stellar mass growth. The results are stitched to z<5 measurements to provide a continuous, self-consistent census spanning >13 Gyr. This anchors the early coevolution picture and constrains the AGN contribution around reionization.

2025-02-25 · 2502.18310v1

High-velocity outflows in [OIII] emitters at z=2.5-9 from JWST NIRSpec medium-resolution spectroscopy

Ryan A. Cooper, Karina I. Caputi, Edoardo Iani, et al.

From the full JADES NIRSpec R~1000 sample of 1087 [O III] 5007 emitters at z=2.5–9, the authors flag 40 galaxies with clear blue-side line broadening, of which 34 are robust ionized outflow candidates and 6 may reflect rotating clumps. The outflows occur mostly in star-forming systems (~65% starbursts) spanning log10(M*/Msun)=7.5–11, and include two type-2 AGN candidates plus one little red dot. They measure a median outflow velocity of 531(+146/−159) km/s and a global incidence of 3.4%, higher velocities and lower incidence than prior work, attributed to R1000 resolution and stricter selection. No v_out–M* or SFR correlations are found; v_out/v_esc has a median 0.77 (generally bound), while mass loading anti-correlates with M* up to ~10^10 Msun, exceeding unity in many M*<10^9 Msun galaxies.

2025-02-06 · 2502.03683v1

AGN ruled out as the dominant source of cosmic reionization

Danyang Jiang, Linhua Jiang, Shengxiu Sun, et al.

JWST GOODS-S/N imaging is used to build a highly complete z=7.15–7.75 sample and decompose each source into a point-source (AGN) and extended component in F115W and F150W, yielding 93 faint AGNs down to M_UV ≈ −15. From the PSF-only UV magnitudes they measure the faint-end AGN UV luminosity function and integrate a 1–4 Ryd SED with f_esc=1 to set an absolute upper bound on AGN ionizing emissivity. The cumulative result is that AGNs provide at most one third of the LyC photon budget at z≈7.5, with the contribution dominated by the lowest-luminosity bins. This effectively rules out AGNs as the dominant drivers of reionization, implying galaxies supply most ionizing photons during the EoR.

2025-01-28 · 2501.16708v1

BASS XLV: Quantifying AGN Selection Effects in the Chandra COSMOS-Legacy Survey with BASS

Yarone M. Tokayer, Michael J. Koss, C. Megan Urry, et al.

Uses local BASS analogs with well-characterized 0.5–195 keV spectra, forward-modeled into the CCLS redshift–luminosity–exposure space and re-fit with the CCLS pipeline to quantify obscuration biases. Finds Chandra would miss 53.3% (563/1056) of simulated obscured (NH>10^22 cm^-2) sources, and even detected ≥30-count spectra have NH systematically overestimated. The strongest failure mode is for CT best-fits (NH≥10^24 cm^-2), where 66.7% (18/27) are actually unobscured (NH<10^22 cm^-2). Results imply deep <10 keV surveys overstate the rise of the obscured fraction and the fraction of luminous obscured AGN, motivating forward modeling, multi-wavelength obscuration tracers, and higher-sensitivity missions like AXIS.

2025-01-16 · 2501.09585v1

New Methods of Identifying AGN in the Early Universe using Spectroscopy and Photometry in the JWST Era

Flor Arevalo Gonzalez, Titanilla Braun, James Trussler, et al.

This paper stress-tests UV-line diagnostics and NIRCam SED selection to find early AGN, showing that classic optical BPT/VO87 fail in low-metallicity regimes. Using photoionization grids, the most effective discriminants emerge as (CIII]+CIV)/HeII λ1640, CIII]/HeII λ1640, and the EW of HeII λ1640, with HeII λ1640/Hβ also separating AGN from star-formers when dust is low. Applied to three JADES/NIRSpec sources (IDs 9422, 18846, 10058975), the diagnostics are promising but current spectra blend HeII λ1640 with OIII] λλ1661,1666 and optical lines are unreliable, limiting firm AGN claims. An EAZY-based NIRCam SED search flags one strong candidate with strong UV emission, and the authors argue longer integrations—especially at z>6—are needed to cleanly deblend key lines.

2025-01-09 · 2501.04912v1

Another piece to the puzzle: radio detection of a JWST detected AGN candidate

Anniek J. Gloudemans, Kenneth J. Duncan, Anna-Christina Eilers, et al.

Deep 0.144–3 GHz maps across COSMOS, GOODS-N, and GOODS-S are mined for radio counterparts to ~700 JWST-selected AGN candidates (including LRDs). Only PRIMER-COS 3866 at z=4.66 is individually detected; its spectrum (α=−0.76+0.11−0.09), modest radio-loudness (R≈0.5), and Tb≳10^3 K remain consistent with either AGN or star-formation power. Stacks of spectroscopic and photometric subsamples yield non-detections with 3σ limits L1.4GHz<8.6×10^39 erg s−1 and L1.3GHz<1.3×10^39 erg s−1, still compatible with local L_X–L_Hα and L_X–L_R relations. The authors argue present radio depths are insufficient to label the population radio-weak and forecast SKA/ngVLA detections within hours to enable brightness-temperature tests that separate AGN from starbursts.

2025-01-07 · 2501.04085v1

The Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science Survey (CEERS)

Steven L. Finkelstein, Micaela B. Bagley, Pablo Arrabal Haro, et al.

CEERS is a 77.2 hr ERS survey in the EGS that uses coordinated, overlapping NIRCam/MIRI imaging, NIRSpec low–medium resolution spectroscopy, and NIRCam slitless grism data to validate efficient extragalactic mapping. From ~90 arcmin^2 of NIRCam imaging it uncovered large samples of z ≳ 10 galaxies and secured >1000 spectra, including dozens at 6<z<10, enabling redshifts and rest‑optical line diagnostics that probe star formation and supermassive black hole growth. The program also quantifies the first bulge, bar, and disk structures at z>3 and leverages MIRI mid‑IR emission to trace dust‑obscured star formation and black‑hole accretion at z~1–3. As a legacy, CEERS releases processed data with detailed reduction notes and reproducible notebooks.