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LRDigest

Weekly digests of little red dots and JWST-selected AGN papers, with curated reading notes and archive pages.

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Weekly issue

Week 38, 2025

Sep 15–21, 2025

Week 38, 2025 includes 2 curated papers, centered on obscured AGN, QSO, spectroscopy.

2509.14555v1

Stratified wind from a super-Eddington X-ray binary is slower than expected

XRISM collaboration, Marc Audard</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Durham-CEA, UK</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Hisamitsu Awaki</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Durham-CEA, UK</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Ralf Ballhausen</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Durham-CEA, UK</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Aya Bamba</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Durham-CEA, UK</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Ehud Behar</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Durham-CEA, UK</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Rozenn Boissay-Malaquin</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Durham-CEA, UK</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Laura Brenneman</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Durham-CEA, UK</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Gregory V. Brown</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Durham-CEA, UK</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Lia Corrales</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Durham-CEA, UK</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Elisa Costantini</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Durham-CEA, UK</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Renata Cumbee</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Durham-CEA, UK</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Maria Diaz Trigo</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Durham-CEA, UK</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Chris Done</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Durham-CEA, UK</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Tadayasu Dotani</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Ken Ebisawa</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Megan Eckart</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Dominique Eckert</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Teruaki Enoto</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Satoshi Eguchi</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Yuichiro Ezoe</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Adam Foster</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Ryuichi Fujimoto</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Yutaka Fujita</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Yasushi Fukazawa</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Kotaro Fukushima</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Akihiro Furuzawa</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Luigi Gallo</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Javier A. Garcia</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Liyi Gu</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Matteo Guainazzi</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Kouichi Hagino</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Kenji Hamaguchi</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Isamu Hatsukade</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Katsuhiro Hayashi</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Takayuki Hayashi</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Natalie Hell</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Edmund Hodges-Kluck</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Ann Hornschemeier</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Yuto Ichinohe</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Manabu Ishida</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Kumi Ishikawa</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Yoshitaka Ishisaki</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Jelle Kaastra</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Timothy Kallman</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Erin Kara</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Satoru Katsuda</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Yoshiaki Kanemaru</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Richard Kelley</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Caroline Kilbourne</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Shunji Kitamoto</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Shogo Kobayashi</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Takayoshi Kohmura</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Aya Kubota</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Maurice Leutenegger</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Michael Loewenstein</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Yoshitomo Maeda</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Maxim Markevitch</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Hironori Matsumoto</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Kyoko Matsushita</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Dan McCammon</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Brian McNamara</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Francois Mernier</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Eric D. Miller</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Jon M. Miller</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Ikuyuki Mitsuishi</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Misaki Mizumoto</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Fukuoka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Tsunefumi Mizuno</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Koji Mori</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Koji Mukai</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Hiroshi Murakami</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Richard Mushotzky</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Hiroshi Nakajima</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Kazuhiro Nakazawa</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Jan-Uwe Ness</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Kumiko Nobukawa</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Masayoshi Nobukawa</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Hirofumi Noda</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Hirokazu Odaka</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Shoji Ogawa</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Anna Ogorzalek</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Takashi Okajima</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Naomi Ota</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Stephane Paltani</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Robert Petre</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Paul Plucinsky</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Frederick Scott Porter</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Katja Pottschmidt</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Kosuke Sato</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Toshiki Sato</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Makoto Sawada</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Hiromi Seta</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Megumi Shidatsu</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Aurora Simionescu</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Randall Smith</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Hiromasa Suzuki</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Andrew Szymkowiak</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Hiromitsu Takahashi</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Mai Takeo</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Toru Tamagawa</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Keisuke Tamura</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Takaaki Tanaka</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Atsushi Tanimoto</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Makoto Tashiro</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Yukikatsu Terada</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Yuichi Terashima</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Yohko Tsuboi</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Masahiro Tsujimoto</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Hiroshi Tsunemi</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Takeshi G. Tsuru</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Aysegul Tumer</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Hiroyuki Uchida</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Nagomi Uchida</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Yuusuke Uchida</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Hideki Uchiyama</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Yoshihiro Ueda</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Shinichiro Uno</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Jacco Vink</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Shin Watanabe</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Brian J. Williams</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Satoshi Yamada</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Shinya Yamada</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Hiroya Yamaguchi</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Kazutaka Yamaoka</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Noriko Yamasaki</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Makoto Yamauchi</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Shigeo Yamauchi</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Tahir Yaqoob</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Tomokage Yoneyama</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Tessei Yoshida</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Mihoko Yukita</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Irina Zhuravleva</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Joey Neilsen</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Villanova, USA</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Ryota Tomaru</name> <arxiv:affiliation>Osaka, Japan</arxiv:affiliation> </author> <author> <name>Missagh Mehdipour

Theme match 3/5

Digest

XRISM/Resolve’s 2024-02-25 spectrum of the neutron-star binary GX 13+1 reveals a stratified, highly ionised, Compton-thick wind via dozens of narrow, slightly blueshifted lines from Si–Ni, including high-order Fe XXV/XXVI features above 7 keV. Photoionisation fits require a slow, very dense absorber plus a faster (~700 km/s), more ionised layer to reproduce the Fe XXVI Ly blue wing and residual core flux from wind reprocessing. After correcting for electron-scattering attenuation, the intrinsic luminosity is at or above Eddington, yet the outflow is extremely slow, favouring a thermal‑radiative outer-disc origin over an inner-disc radiation‑pressure (Eddington) wind. The contrast with ultrafast (~0.3c) SMBH winds at similar Eddington ratios points to fundamentally different launch mechanisms across mass scales.

Open paper pagearXiv abstractarXiv PDFHighlighted PDF

Key figures to inspect

  • Fig. 1 (Resolve spectrum): Inspect the forest of narrow H‑ and He‑like lines (Si–Ni) and the high‑order Fe XXV/XXVI transitions >7 keV; their small oscillator strengths yet large depths diagnose an extreme column and confirm the absorber is Compton‑thick while only slightly blueshifted.
  • Fig. 2 (Historical variability): Compare the XRISM-coordinated NuSTAR spectrum with archival NuSTAR/RXTE; the unusually deep Fe XXV K edge at 8.8 keV and reduced flux identify the rare dense‑wind state (seen in only ~5–10% of RXTE epochs), while the blue band shows the intrinsic super‑Eddington continuum after τ_es co…
  • Fig. 3 (Fe K zoom): The non‑black line cores require diffuse reprocessed/scattered emission from the wind, and the Fe XXVI Ly blue wing demands a faster (~700 km/s), broader (~300 km/s), more ionised component layered over the slow dense flow—direct evidence for wind stratification.
  • Extended Data Fig. 5 (Ion fractions): The Fe ion balance shows only ~10% of Fe resides in Fe XXVI at the best‑fit ionisation, implying the fast-zone column is a lower limit because most Fe is fully stripped.

Tags

  • obscured AGN
  • super-Eddington
  • X-ray
  • spectroscopy

2509.15331v1

Modeling the JWST MIRI Counts, Insights Into the Source Properties and Role of Dust-Obscured AGN

Edgar P. Vidal, Anna Sajina, Amber R. Banks, Matthieu Béthermin, Carl Ferkinhoff, Andreea Petric, Alexandra Pope, Jianwei Lyu, Vivian U, L. Y. Aaron Yung, Pallavi Patil

Theme match 2/5

Digest

The authors update the SIDES framework with revised star-forming, starburst, quiescent, and AGN SED templates plus a probabilistic assignment of the AGN contribution to the IR, applying it within pySIDES and the SC SAM lightcone. The model reproduces JWST/MIRI number counts, redshift distributions, and AGN fractions across the filters, finding AGN dominate at bright fluxes (Sν ≳ 20 μJy) while main-sequence galaxies set the faint-end counts. They quantify field-to-field variance, showing ≈30% uncertainty in bright AGN counts for survey areas <25 arcmin², and provide MIRI color–color and joint NIRCam+MIRI flux diagnostics for selecting obscured AGN. This delivers a practical forward model for interpreting MIRI-selected dusty AGN and for designing future mid/far-IR surveys.

Open paper pagearXiv abstractarXiv PDFHighlighted PDF

Key figures to inspect

  • Figure 1: Check how SC SAM galaxies separate in the sSFR–M⋆ plane; this sets the main-sequence/starburst/quenched assignments that drive which SEDs and AGN prescriptions feed the MIRI counts.
  • Figure 2: Inspect the redshift-dependent 1.22 μm mass-to-light fit for quiescent systems and its residuals; this controls the Ell5 stellar normalization and impacts short-wavelength MIRI fluxes of old populations.
  • Figure 3: Compare modified Magdis et al. SEDs with added stellar templates across radiation field U; overlay of MIRI (and PRIMA) bands shows which filters sample PAHs vs continuum for MS vs starbursts, informing the color diagnostics.
  • Figure 4: Review the Kirkpatrick mid-IR template grid binned by AGN fraction (SF/composite/AGN); note continuum slope and PAH behavior changes with fAGN that explain rising AGN dominance above ~20 μJy and guide color cuts.

Tags

  • obscured AGN
  • demographics
  • simulation