The Light Echo of a High-Redshift Quasar mapped with Lyman-$α$ Tomography

Anna-Christina Eilers, Minghao Yue, Jorryt Matthee, Joseph F. Hennawi, Frederick B. Davies, Robert A. Simcoe, Richard Teague, Rongmon Bordoloi, Gabriel Brammer, Yi Kang, Daichi Kashino, Ruari Mackenzie, Rohan P. Naidu, Benjamin Navarrete

First listed 2025-09-05 | Last updated 2025-09-05

Abstract

Ultra-violet (UV) radiation from accreting black holes ionizes the intergalactic gas around early quasars, carving out highly ionized bubbles in their surroundings. Any changes in a quasar's luminosity are therefore predicted to produce outward-propagating ionization gradients, affecting the Lyman-$α$ (Ly$α$) absorption opacity near the quasar's systemic redshift. This "proximity effect" is well-documented in rest-UV quasar spectra but only provides a one-dimensional probe along our line-of-sight. Here we present deep spectroscopic observations with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) of galaxies in the background of a super-luminous quasar at $z_{\rm QSO}\approx6.3$, which reveal the quasar's "light echo" with Ly$α$ tomography in the transverse direction. This transverse proximity effect is detected for the first time towards multiple galaxy sightlines, allowing us to map the extent and geometry of the quasar's ionization cone. We obtain constraints on the orientation and inclination of the cone, as well as an upper limit on the obscured solid angle fraction of $f_{\rm obsc}<91\%$. Additionally, we find a timescale of the quasar's UV radiation of $t_{\rm QSO}=10^{5.6^{+0.1}_{-0.3}}$ years, which is significantly shorter than would be required to build up the central supermassive black hole (SMBH) with conventional growth models, but is consistent with independent measurements of the quasars' duty cycle. Our inferred obscured fraction disfavors a scenario where short quasar lifetimes can be explained exclusively by geometric obscuration, and instead supports the idea that radiatively inefficient accretion or growth in initially heavily enshrouded cocoons plays a pivotal role in early SMBH growth. Our results pave the way for novel studies of quasars' ionizing geometries and radiative histories at early cosmic times.

Short digest

Deep JWST/NIRSpec MSA spectroscopy of twelve background galaxies behind the z_QSO ≈ 6.3 quasar J0100+2802 yields the first spectroscopic Lyα-tomography map of a quasar “light echo” in the transverse direction. Clear excess Lyα transmission at the quasar’s systemic redshift appears along multiple sightlines, enabling a 3D reconstruction of the ionized bubble and its ionization-cone orientation/inclination, and setting f_obsc < 91%. Modeling the light-travel geometry implies a UV-on timescale t_QSO = 10^{5.6+0.1}_{-0.3} yr (≈2–5×10^5 yr), far shorter than required for continuous thin-disk growth to the observed SMBH mass. This disfavors purely geometric obscuration as the sole cause of short lifetimes and points to radiatively inefficient or initially enshrouded accretion phases in early SMBH growth.

Key figures to inspect

• Figure 1: Use the [O III]-emitter catalog and F115W magnitudes/SNR vs. redshift to see which background sightlines were prioritized and the continuum quality that underpins Lyα-forest transmission measurements.
• Figure 2: Inspect the two example 2D/1D spectra where the transverse proximity effect is most obvious at the quasar systemic redshift; note the [O III]-based galaxy redshifts and the continuum power-law fits used to derive Lyα transmission/optical depth.
• Figure 3: Compare the ten additional galaxy spectra to assess how consistently the transmission spike at z_QSO recurs across independent sightlines and how its strength varies, informing the inferred cone geometry.
• Figure 4: Check the stacked 2D and continuum-normalized 1D spectra centered on z_QSO to verify the ensemble detection of enhanced Lyα transmission and its spatial/velocity extent used in the light-echo modeling.