AT2019cmw: A highly luminous, cooling featureless TDE candidate from the disruption of a high mass star in an early-type galaxy

Jacob L. Wise, Daniel A. Perley, Nikhil Sarin, Tatsuya Matsumoto, K-Ryan Hinds, Yuhan Yao, Jesper Sollerman, Steve Schulze, Aleksandra Bochenek, Michael W. Coughlin, Kishalay De, Richard Dekany, Sara Frederick, Christoffer Fremling, Suvi Gezari, Matthew J. Graham, Anna Y. Q. Ho, Shrinivas Kulkarni, Russ R. Laher, Conor Omand, Natalya Johnson, Yashvi Sharma, Kirsty Taggart, Charlotte Ward, Avery Wold, Lin Yan

First listed 2025-07-10 | Last updated 2026-01-21

Abstract

We present optical/UV photometric and spectroscopic observations, as well as X-ray and radio follow-up, of the extraordinary event AT2019cmw. With a peak bolometric luminosity of ~$\mathrm{10^{45.6}\,erg\,s^{-1}}$, it is one of the most luminous thermal transients ever discovered. Extensive spectroscopic follow-up post-peak showed only a featureless continuum throughout its evolution. This, combined with its nuclear location, blue colour at peak and lack of prior evidence of an AGN in its host lead us to interpret this event as a `featureless' tidal disruption event (TDE). It displays photometric evolution atypical of most TDEs, cooling from ~30 kK to ~10 kK in the first ~300 days post-peak, with potential implications for future photometric selection of candidate TDEs. No X-ray or radio emission is detected, placing constraints on the presence of on-axis jetted emission or a visible inner-accretion disk. Modelling the optical light curve with existing theoretical prescriptions, we find that AT2019cmw may be the result of the disruption of a star in the tens of solar masses by a supermassive black hole (SMBH). Combined with a lack of detectable star formation in its host galaxy, it could imply the existence of a localised region of star formation around the SMBH. This could provide a new window to probe nuclear star formation and the shape of the initial mass function (IMF) in close proximity to SMBHs out to relatively high redshifts.

Short digest

This paper presents dense optical/UV monitoring plus X-ray and radio follow-up of the ZTF nuclear transient AT2019cmw (z=0.519), which reached an extraordinary peak bolometric luminosity of ~10^45.6 erg s^-1. Spectra remained featureless while the continuum cooled steadily from ~30 kK to ~10 kK over the first ~300 days, supporting a classification as a luminous, “featureless” TDE in an early-type host. Deep non-detections in X-ray and radio constrain on-axis jets and any visible inner accretion disk. Light-curve modeling (cooling-envelope, with a reprocessing-outflow alternative) favors the disruption of a tens-of-solar-masses star by an SMBH, hinting at localized nuclear star formation despite the quiescent host.

Key figures to inspect

• Light-curve and blackbody-evolution figure: inspect the temperature drop from ~30 kK to ~10 kK and any photospheric-radius evolution, and verify the timescale (~300 days) and Lbol peak near 10^45.6 erg s^-1.
• Spectral time series: confirm the persistently featureless blue continuum, check for the absence of broad H/He features at all epochs, and note any narrow host lines only used for redshift.
• X-ray and radio follow-up panel: examine flux upper limits relative to jetted TDEs to see how strongly on-axis jets or a visible inner disk are excluded.
• Host-galaxy imaging/SED panel: verify the nuclear (consistent-with-zero-offset) location, early-type morphology, and indicators of negligible ongoing star formation.
• Model-comparison figure (Redback): compare cooling-envelope and reprocessing-outflow fits, and read off posteriors for disrupted-star mass (tens of M_sun) and any SMBH/energy-scale constraints.