Discovery and characterization of 25 new quasars at 4.6 < z < 6.9 from wide-field multi-band surveys

Silvia Belladitta, Eduardo Bañados, Zhang-Liang Xie, Roberto Decarli, Silvia Onorato, Jinyi Yang, Manuela Bischetti, Masafusa Onoue, Federica Loiacono, Laura N. Martínez-Ramírez, Chiara Mazzucchelli, Frederick B. Davies, Julien Wolf, Jan-Torge Schindler, Xiaohui Fan, Feige Wang, Fabian Walter, Tatevik Mkrtchyan, Daniel Stern, Emanuele P. Farina, Bram P. Venemans

First listed 2025-05-21 | Last updated 2025-05-21

Abstract

Luminous quasars at $z>4$ provide key insights into the early Universe. Their rarity necessitates wide-field multi-band surveys to efficiently separate them from the main astrophysical contaminants (i.e., ultracool dwarfs). To expand the sample of high-$z$ quasars, we conducted targeted selections using optical, infrared, and radio surveys, complemented by literature-based quasar candidate catalogs. In this paper, we report the discovery of \nqsos\ new quasars at $4.6<z<6.9$ (six at $z\geq6.5$), with $M_{1450}$ between $-$25.4 and $-$27.0. We also present new spectra of six $z>6.5$ quasars we selected, but whose independent discovery has already been published in the literature. Three of the newly discovered quasars are strong radio emitters (L$_{1.4~\rm GHz}$$=0.09-1.0\times$10$^{34}$erg s$^{-1}$ Hz$^{-1}$). Among them, one source at $z=4.71$ exhibits typical blazar-like properties, including a flat radio spectrum, radio-loudness $\sim$1000, and multi-frequency variability. It is also detected by SRG/eROSITA X-ray telescope (f$_{\rm 0.2-2.3keV} \sim 1.3\times10^{-13}$erg s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$). In addition, for seven $6.3<z<6.9$ quasars we present near-infrared spectroscopy and estimate the central black hole mass from their C$\rm IV$ and Mg$\rm II$ broad emission lines.Their masses (log[M$_{\rm BH,MgII}$]$=8.58-9.14~\rm M_{\odot}$) and Eddington ratios ($λ_{\rm Edd,MgII}=0.74-2.2$) are consistent with other $z>6$ quasars reported in the literature. A $z = 6.3$ quasar exhibits a velocity difference of approximately $9000$ km s$^{-1}$ between the C$\rm IV$ and Mg$\rm II$ emission lines, making it one of the most extreme C$\rm IV$ outflows currently known. Additionally, the sample includes three high-ionization broad absorption line quasars. One of these quasars shows potential evidence of an extremely fast outflow feature, reaching $48000$ km s$^{-1}$.

Short digest

Targeted optical/IR/radio selections across wide-area surveys yield 25 new luminous quasars at 4.6<z<6.9 (six at z≥6.5; M1450 −25.4 to −27.0), plus new spectra for six independently discovered z>6.5 sources. Three are strong radio emitters, including a z=4.71 object with blazar-like traits (flat spectrum, radio-loudness ~1000, multi-frequency variability) and an SRG/eROSITA X-ray detection (f0.2–2.3 keV ≈1.3×10^−13 erg s^−1 cm^−2). NIR spectroscopy for seven 6.3<z<6.9 quasars gives MgII-based black hole masses of 10^8.58–10^9.14 Msun and Eddington ratios 0.74–2.2, with one source showing an extreme CIV–MgII velocity offset of ~9000 km s^−1. The sample also includes three HiBALs, one with a potential 48,000 km s^−1 outflow, expanding the rare jetted/outflowing quasar census that constrains early SMBH growth and feedback.

Key figures to inspect

• Figure 1: Inspect where the newly confirmed (yellow crosses) sit relative to the DELS+PS1 color cuts and the L/T dwarf histograms to see how the dropout tracks isolate z>6 objects and where contamination pressure is highest.
• Figure 2: Scan the Lyman-break region for each of the 31 spectra to verify redshift placements, note weak-Lyα cases, and identify candidates with BAL troughs or damping-wing–like absorption shaping the continuum.
• Figure 3: Use the NIR line fits to read off MgII-based MBH and CIV–MgII velocity shifts; find the z≈6.3 source with ~9000 km s−1 offset and evaluate how telluric bands affect the profile measurements and FWHM.
• Figure 4: Compare radio SEDs of MQC J021 19, MQC J133 02, and PSO J200 13 to quantify spectral indices and variability; the near-simultaneous RACS_mid/VLASS points highlight flat-spectrum, blazar-like behavior and year-scale flux changes.