No [CII] or dust detection in two Little Red Dots at z$_{\rm spec}$ > 7

Mengyuan Xiao, Pascal A. Oesch, Longji Bing, David Elbaz, Jorryt Matthee, Yoshinobu Fudamoto, Seiji Fujimoto, Rui Marques-Chaves, Christina C. Williams, Miroslava Dessauges-Zavadsky, Francesco Valentino, Gabriel Brammer, Alba Covelo-Paz, Emanuele Daddi, Johan P. U. Fynbo, Steven Gillman, Michele Ginolfi, Emma Giovinazzo, Jenny E. Greene, Qiusheng Gu, Garth Illingworth, Kohei Inayoshi, Vasily Kokorev, Romain A. Meyer, Rohan P. Naidu, Naveen A. Reddy, Daniel Schaerer, Alice Shapley, Mauro Stefanon, Charles L. Steinhardt, David J. Setton, Marianne Vestergaard, Tao Wang

First listed 2025-03-03 | Last updated 2025-07-02

Abstract

Little Red Dots (LRDs) are compact, point-like sources characterized by their red color and broad Balmer lines, which have been debated to be either dominated by active galactic nuclei (AGN) or dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs). Here we report two LRDs (ID9094 and ID2756) at z$_{\rm spec}$>7, recently discovered in the JWST FRESCO GOODS-North field. Both satisfy the "v-shape" colors and compactness criteria for LRDs and are identified as Type-I AGN candidates based on their broad H$β$ emission lines (full width at half maximum: 2280$\pm$490 km/s for ID9094 and 1070$\pm$240 km/s for ID2756) and narrow [OI] lines ($\sim$ 300-400 km/s). To investigate their nature, we conduct deep NOEMA follow-up observations targeting the [CII] 158${\rm μm}$ emission line and the 1.3 mm dust continuum. We do not detect [CII] or 1.3 mm continuum emission for either source. Notably, in the scenario that the two LRDs were DSFGs, we would expect significant detections: $>16σ$ for [CII] and $>3σ$ for the 1.3 mm continuum of ID9094, and $>5σ$ for [CII] of ID2756. Using the 3$σ$ upper limits of [CII] and 1.3 mm, we perform two analyses: (1) UV-to-FIR spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting with and without AGN components, and (2) comparison of their properties with the L$_{[CII]}$-SFR$_{tot}$ empirical relation. Both analyses are consistent with a scenario where AGN activity may contribute to the observed properties, though a dusty star-forming origin cannot be fully ruled out. Our results highlight the importance of far-infrared observations for studying LRDs, a regime that remains largely unexplored.

Short digest

Two z_spec > 7 Little Red Dots in FRESCO GOODS-N (ID9094, ID2756) show v‑shape colors, compact morphologies, and broad Hβ (FWHM 2280±490 and 1070±240 km/s), marking them as Type‑I AGN candidates. Deep NOEMA follow-up finds no [CII] 158 μm or 1.3 mm continuum; a DSFG interpretation would have yielded strong detections (>16σ [CII] and >3σ 1.3 mm for ID9094; >5σ [CII] for ID2756). Using the 3σ FIR limits in UV–FIR SED fitting (with/without AGN) and comparison to the L_[CII]–SFR_tot relation, the data favor an AGN contribution, as a dust‑only model would require unusually high dust temperatures. The work shows FIR non‑detections can discriminate AGN‑dominated LRDs from DSFG impostors at z > 7, though a purely dusty origin cannot be fully excluded.

Key figures to inspect

• Figure 1: Inspect NIRCam stamps and F410M grism spectra to see the point‑source morphologies and the decomposition of Hβ into narrow/broad components that set the quoted FWHM values for ID9094 and ID2756.
• Figure 2: Check where ID9094/ID2756 fall relative to the LRD color–compactness cuts; this verifies they meet the v‑shape and compactness criteria used for selection.
• Figure 3: Examine the NOEMA [CII] moment‑0 maps and 1.3 mm contours over the JWST RGB; confirm the lack of [CII] at the z_spec‑predicted frequency and the absence of continuum within the shown beam.
• Figure 4: Compare SED fits with and without an AGN; note how the 3σ 1.3 mm upper limit forces unphysically high dust temperatures in the no‑AGN fit, while including an AGN yields a more plausible FIR shape.